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Reason:

The financial crisis in the United States, is the fundamental American consumption patterns, financial supervision policy, financial institutions, mode of operation and structure of the world economy many factors such as the result of joint action, mainly has three reasons.

One is overstepping the consumption of long-term accumulation. The United States has long prevailed overspend, encourages citizens to buy a house, buy a car, buy high-grade consumer goods, with tomorrow's money to buy today's enjoyment. A Chinese woman and the United States the old lady's story, careless, China is the old lady saved enough money, to life before he just bought bridal chamber, but a day also haven't lived, While American woman is first loan, to death before, she just pay off loan live a lifetime bridal chamber. Generally speaking, American old lady practice obviously than Chinese lady brillant, both stimulated economic and improves the quality of their own life, but such "American old ladies" much, everyone is pay later "syndrome", once the recession, appear large quantities of unemployed, also can't afford loans, subordinated debt and bank of bad debt defaults are required.this heaps, and related investment Banks inevitable for bankruptcy.

2 it is various high-risk financial derivatives overmuch low-quality ones. Traditionally, bank lending, should put the credit risk stay within the bank, once the other unable to repay loan, and the loss should be to be borne by the bank. However, America's large number of lenders but in intermediary institutions under the assistance, invest in the form of subprime securities sold in the market, attracting investment institutions to purchase, Investment institutions and put these securities become new financial products, sold to hedge funds, insurance companies, etc. Just because of this constant changed hands, conversion, make the initial pay $1 loan can be uploaded to scale a few yuan, ten yuan even a few yuan of financial derivatives. According to the bureau of economic analysis of investigation, the U.S. subprime mortgage amount is 1.5 trillion us dollars, after re-gift post-transform, and finally form for hundreds of thousands of value of $financial derivatives, such, financial risk also subsequently be sharply amplification. When these financial products that is the foundation of subprime housing credit assets out of the question, the financial derivatives markets like castles in the air, at any time may collapse.

Three is the financial supervision mechanism lag. In the United States federal reserve as an example, it is only responsible for monitoring American commercial Banks, has no right to regulatory investment bank. The United States securities and exchange commission to 2004 that have the authority to regulate investment bank. This has made American each big financial magnate, and in a quite long period of time, no one can control regardless of risk, free to make the so-called "financial innovation", encouragement of various financial derivatives. In addition, in many financial institutions loans appear problem, financial products loopholes in the circumstances, the us financial rating mechanism also appear serious faults, a lot of problems bonds and bank were evaluated for long-term problems excellent, causing risk crisis more severe.

Effect:

One is the world economic growth slowed sharply, some main developed countries or regions economy into a recession. On October 23, American White House spokeswoman Dana perino said, although federal government took aggressive measures rescue financial institutions, but growth in the United States still face difficulties. The Japanese government has released in October of monthly report on economic thought, the Japanese economy "is in a recession." The British government announced on October 24, the data show that the British GDP compared to the previous month 0.5% decline since 1992, is the UK economy appears first contraction. Eurozone economic fundamentals deterioration speed also to speed up, including Germany, France, Italy, and west countries such as manufacturing atrophy degree are than expected. The international monetary fund newly published half-yearly "world economic outlook, the report indicates the current major developed economies economic conditions" has already or close to recession.

Two is the main financial markets worsen sharply, global equities faltered. Financial crisis since the outbreak in the United States alone has 14 Banks failed, the world's major financial securities market were hit hard. When America's 4th largest investment bank lehman brothers holding company "on September 15, officially declared bankruptcy, merrill lynch simultaneously by American bank acquisition, after news of the global stock markets tumbled, Wall Street suffered from" 9? 11 "since the worst day, the dow Jones index plunged 500 points, a decline of 4.42%; Some of the major European stock index once 5% drop, The asia-pacific region financial stocks generally lower, the Taiwan stock exchange weighted index dropped 4.1 per cent for recent three years lowest close level; Russia because stock market faltered, the federal government on September 17 to halt all exchange. Global equities faltered in October, only the consequences of global market will evaporate 5.79 trillion dollars

Three is a multinational government deficit increase, global inflation pressure increased. On October 14, the United States government has announced a $700 billion help city plan concrete plan, October 13 onwards, Britain, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal and other countries government implemented the huge financial aid programs, European countries save city total amount nearly 2 trillion euros, Japan to save the current recession, will relief funds raised to $cap $110 billion, Russia to financial markets capital injection has been raised to 11266 billion roubles. These help city of large sums of money will undoubtedly increase governments future fiscal deficit, and then continue to push up global inflation. New York's times square suspension of American "national debt clock" October 8 shows, the U.S. federal government debt is already close to 10.2 trillion dollars, too large sum make "national debt clock" amount shown on the plan of digits all run out, have to "10 trillion" head a figure "1", temporary squeeze into the left shows the dollar symbol of the grid.

The fourth is the world trade deterioration of the environment and emerging market countries economic and trade facing a downturn. In recent years, mainly by the emerging market economy expanded export such strategies as rapid rise in America and Europe, prop up their trade has become the important pulling power economic growth. After the outbreak of the financial crisis, u.s.-european demand, must cause slowing global commodity trade volume drops, to emerging market countries exports and economic growth caused heavy blow. On the other hand, the financial crisis will prompt worldwide trade protectionism growth, emerging market countries suffered in the downside risks at the same time, still must face under the threat of inflation input type.

Five is the most countries severe employment condition, unemployment is rising. By financial crisis effect, since this year, U.S. employment has reduced 76 million people, and unemployment rises to 7 percent or more than 8%, June 2003 economic downturns 6.3 per cent of the highest level. Eurostat October 31, according to figures released in September the eurozone's unemployment rate is 7.5%, higher than last year's 7.3%. Economic situation, make the downturn more severe employment situation, a large increase in unemployment.

Six is financial crisis continues to spread across global energy and food problems such as shadow photograph. Due to the international market confidence drops, in middle October. International crude prices fell to $61.5 a barrel for March 2007, its lowest level since. Especially for venezuela, Iran, Russia and other big oil producing countries speaking, oil prices tumbled to their striking is unprecedented.

solutions

A. flexible tight monetary policy. In the monetary policy tightening still maintaining the situation, but according to the actual situation of economic operation of the flexible adjustment, prevent excessive squeeze, a prudent to raise rates. The current credit control essentially have increased the cost of capital for companies, further improve the economic interest rate to blow can be large.

B. the proactive fiscal policy.

(1) the expansion of government investment.

(2) increase government spending and subsidies. Continue to expand the coverage of social security and medicare.

(3) tax cuts, lower interest rates.

(4) government funding support each Banks

(5) has taken us dollar interest rates, injection, etc.

C. seize opportunity to carry on the adjustment of industrial structure

罗斯的公司金融不错啊。

编者：斯蒂芬·A·罗斯（Stephen A.Ross）（麻省理工学院斯隆管理学院）

伦道夫·W·韦斯特菲尔德（Randolph W. Westerfield）（南加州大学）

杰弗里·F·贾菲（Jeffrey F. Jaffe）（宾夕法尼亚大学）

布拉德福德·D·乔丹（Bradford D. Jordan）（肯塔基大学）

作者简介：

斯蒂芬·A·罗斯（Stephen A. Ross）

斯蒂芬·A·罗斯现任麻省理工学院斯隆管理学院财务与经济学教授。作为在财务学和经济学领域著述最丰富的学者之一，罗斯教授以其在套利定价理论方面的杰出成果而闻名于世，他还在信号理论、代理理论、期权定价以及利率的期限结构理论等领域造诣深厚。罗斯教授曾任美国财务学会会长，现任多家学术类和实践类杂志的副主编。他还是加州理工学院和房地美（Freddie Mac）的理事。

伦道夫·W·韦斯特菲尔德（Randolph W. Westerfield）

伦道夫·W·韦斯特菲尔德是南加州大学马歇尔商学院的荣誉院长，查尔斯·B·桑顿教席财务学教授。韦斯特菲尔德教授在来南加州大学之前，曾在宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院担任财务系主任，并在那里执教长达0年。他还是多家上市公司的董事会成员，包括健康联合管理公司（Health Management Associates, Inc.）、William Lyon Homes 和Nicholas Applegate Growth Fund 等。他所擅长的领域包括公司财务政策、投资管理和股票市场价格行为等。

杰弗里·F·贾菲（Jeffrey F. Jaffe）

杰弗里·F· 贾菲是在财务学和经济学领域对《经济学季刊》（Quar-terly Economic Journal）、《金融杂志》（The Journal of Finance）、《财务和定量分析杂志》（The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis）、《金融经济学杂志》（The Journal ofFinancial Economics）以及《金融分析家杂志》（The Financial Analysts Journal）等贡献最大的撰稿人。他在内幕交易方面的研究很有建树，还在IPO、投资机构管理、市商行为、金价的波动、通货膨胀对利率作用的理论和实证研究、通货膨胀对资本资产定价影响的实证研究、小市值股票和“一月效应”的关系研究以及资本结构决策研究等方面做出了重要贡献。

布拉德福德·D·乔丹（Bradford D. Jordan）

布拉德福德·D· 乔丹是肯塔基大学的财务学教授、理查德（Richard W.）和贾尼斯·H· 弗斯特（Janis H. Furst）教席财务学教授。他长期致力于公司理财应用与理论问题的研究，具有丰富的公司理财和财务管理政策课程的教学经验。乔丹教授在顶尖杂志所发表的论文涉及IPO、资本成本、资本结构和证券价格行为等。他是南部财务协会的前会长，是著名的投资学教材《投资基础：估值与管理（第版）》（Fundamentals of Investments: Valuation andManagement,4e）的合著者。

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